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The Great Depression Essay - 1585 Words

The Great Depression When a person hears the words â€Å"The Great Depression,† almost everyone thinks of the worst economic times in the United States. The Great Depression started in the late 1920s and continued on until the early 1940s. It is known as being â€Å"the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the western industrialized world† (History.com). We can learn from the occurrences during The Great Depression that government involvement is the deciding factor of whether an economy will expand or continue to shrink during a recession. The 1920’s, also known as the Roaring Twenties, were fantastic times for the economy. People were buying extravagant things such as automobiles, and investing in the stock market in†¦show more content†¦During this time, 1929, the United States had not created the Federal Reserve yet, nor had it created regulations on banks or insured banks so that depositors could get their money back up to a certain amount if the bank closed. So these banks closing meant people lost all the money they had deposited there. Also, the fact that banks were closing caused people to panic and run to their banks to withdraw their money. The problem with that is the fact that banks use depositors’ money to loan out to other people so they don’t actually have all the depositors’ money at the bank. So the people at the back of the lines didn’t get their money back because the bank did not have enough money. Those people also lost all of their money that was in the bank. The banks from which people withdrew all of their money from were forced to close because they no longer had any depositors, meaning they no longer had money. By 1933, 11,000 out of the 25,000 banks in the United States had closed (Nelson). With the crash of the stock market and the closing of many banks, several people lost faith and decided to save more and spend less money. With peoples’ dec ision to save more money, many factories and businesses had to cut employees’ pay or lay off workers because of the fact that there was less of a demand for things. â€Å"Some businesses couldn’t stay open even with these cuts and soon closed their doors, leaving all their workers unemployed† (About.com).Show MoreRelatedThe Depression Of The Great Depression1223 Words   |  5 Pagesfar-reaching consequences as the Great Depression. This experience was the most extended and severe depression of the Western world. It was an economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. A large amount of America’s labor force lost their jobs and suffered during this crisis. During the nation’s financial disaster, Franklin Delano Roosevelt became president and made extensive changes to America’s political structure. The effects of the Great Depression had lasting consequences that areRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression1232 Words   |   5 Pagespeople think that the stock crash was to blame for the Great Depression but that is not correct. Both the crash and depression were the result of problems with the economy that were still underneath society s minds. The depression affected people in a series of ways: poverty is spreading causing farm distress, unemployment, health, family stresses and unfortunately, discrimination increases. America tended to blame Hoover for the depression and all the problems. When the 1932 election came peopleRead MoreThe Great Depression Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: The world had faced two main economic problems. The first one was the Great Depression in the early of 20th Century. The second was the recent international financial crisis in 2008. The United States and Europe suffered severely for a long time from the great depression. The great depression was a great step and changed completely the economic policy making and the economic thoughts. It was not only an economic situation bit it was also miserable making, made people more attentionRead MoreThe Depression Of The Great Depression2071 Words   |  9 PagesPaul Von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler Chancellor on the 30th January 1933. The Depression did play a vital role in this, however other factors such as the Nazis propaganda, the resentment of the Weimar republic and the political situation of 1932-1933 also contributed to his success. Before the Great Depression, the Nazis gained 12 seats and 2.6% of the vote in the May election of 1928. Despite this, by July 1932, Hitler gained 230 seats and 37.3% of the vote in the Reichstag. This is a dramaticRead MoreThe Great Depression1292 Words   |  6 PagesBefore the crash Before the start of the great depression the United States was a country of great economic wealth, with new technology being invented and a boom in industry. Due to a boom in America’s Industry because of World War One the economy was at an all-time high with a tremendous amount of prosperity. Following the end of world war one the industrial might that America had was being used for peaceful, domestic purposes instead of being used for violence and war. New technologies like carsRead MoreThe Great Depression1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920’s was a decade of discovery for America. As mentioned in â€Å"who was roaring in the twenties? —Origins of the great depression,† by Robert S. McElvaine America suffered with the great depression due to several factors but it managed to stay prosperous at the end. In â€Å"America society and culture in the 1920’s,† by David A. Shannon there was much more to the great depression. It was a time of prosperity an economic change. Women and men were discovering who they were and their value to societyRead MoreThe Great Depression1551 Words   |  6 PagesThe G reat Depression was one of the most devastating events recorded in history. The nation as a whole plummeted in one economic downfall. Few individuals escaped the effects of the depression. The hardship of unemployment and the loss of homes and farms were a large portion of the pain caused by the economic crisis. Through all of these sufferings, women had a large impact on society. Women faced heavy discrimination and social criticism during the Depression Even though through research it is provenRead MoreThe Great Depression1186 Words   |  5 Pagesfriends is the true definition of of what the Great Depression really was. It was a time that most people want to never remember or ever happen again. You would think the United States would have learned from their mistakes but it seems we are going down the same road once again without even taking a step back and realizing it. When people talk about the Great Depression not a single person will have anything good to say about it. It ca used families a great deal of pain that they will never forget. WithRead MoreThe Great Depression1368 Words   |  6 PagesAfter WW1 the Great Depression had a very late impact on the major film companies in France, when it did, it unfortunately caused several film studios to go bankrupt, then in the late 1920’s to 1930’s many small film companies and groups emerged giving birth to the tendency called poetic realism. Because the large companies who made films with a focus on making money were gone the filmmakers and artists were able to concern themselves with the art of film, they often took poetic innovations thatRead MoreThe Great Depression1133 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself,† is a famous quote once said during the Great Depression by Franklin D. Roosevelt. After one world war, great financial fallout, and another world war to follow, the twentieth century was already shaping out to be a handful. When the Great D epression was coming to an end and the economy was trying to turn around, jobs started opening up and a new wave of immigrants came into New York, the Puerto Ricans. For some the American dream was to come to

History of Cellphone free essay sample

History of Cell Phones The  history of mobile phones  records the development of interconnection between the public switched telephone systems to radio transceivers. From the earliest days of transmitting speech by radio, connection of the radio system to the telephone network had obvious benefits of eliminating the wires. Early systems used bulky, high power consuming equipment and supported only a few conversations at a time, with required manual set-up of the interconnection. Today cellular technology and microprocessor control systems allow automatic and pervasive use of  mobile phones  for voice and data. The transmission of speech by radio  has a long and varied history going back to  Reginald Fessendens invention and shore-to-ship demonstration of radio telephony, through the  Second World War  with military use of radio telephony links. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1950s. Hand-held radio transceivers have been available since the Second World War. Mobile phone history is often divided into  generations  (first,  second,  third  and so on) to mark significant step changes in capabilities as the technology improved over the years. Pioneers of Radio telephony By 1930, telephone customers in the United States could place a call to a passenger on a liner in the Atlantic Ocean. Air time charges were quite high, at $7(1930)/minute (about $92. 50/minute in 2011 dollars). In areas with  Marine VHF radio  and a shore station, it is still possible to arrange a call from the public telephone network to a ship, still using manual call set-up and the services of a human marine radio operator. However it was the 1940s onwards that saw the seeds of technological development which would eventually produce the mobile phone that we know today. Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the  Walkie-Talkie  and a large hand-held two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered Handie-Talkie (HT) was about the size of a mans forearm. In 1946 in St. Louis, the  Mobile Telephone Service  was introduced. Only three radio channels were available, and call set-up required manual operation by a mobile operator. [2]  Although very popular and commercially successful, the service was limited by having only a few voice channels per district. In 1964  Improved Mobile Telephone Service  was introduced with additional channels and more automatic handling of calls to the public switched telephone network. Even the addition of radio channels in three bands was insufficient to meet demand for vehicle-mounted mobile radio systems. In 1969, a patent for a wireless phone using an  acoustic coupler  for incoming calls was issued in  US Patent Number 3,449,750  to  George Sweigert  of Euclid, Ohio on June 10, 1969, but did not include dialing a number for outgoing calls. Cellular concepts In December 1947,  Douglas H. Ring  and  W. Rae Young,  Bell Labs  engineers, proposed  hexagonal cells  for mobile phones in vehicles. [3]  Philip T. Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in three directions (see picture at right) into three adjacent hexagon cells. [4]  At this stage, the technology to implement these ideas did not exist, nor had the frequencies been allocated. Several years would pass before  Richard H. Frenkiel  and  Joel S. Engel  of Bell Labs developed the electronics to achieve this in the 1960s. In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call, i. e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of  frequency reuse  and  handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the 1970s. In 1970  Amos E. Joel, Jr. , a Bell Labs engineer,[5]  invented an automatic call  handoff system to allow mobile phones to move through several cell areas during a single conversation without interruption. In 1969  Amtrak  equipped commuter trains along the 225-mile  New York-Washington  route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving. The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHZ band in nine sites, a precursor of the concept later applied in cellular telephones. [2] In December 1971, ATT submitted a proposal for cellular service to the  Federal Communications Commission  (FCC). After years of hearings, the FCC approved the proposal in 1982 forAdvanced Mobile Phone System  (AMPS) and allocated frequencies in the 824–894  MHz band. 6]  Analog AMPS was eventually superseded by  Digital AMPS  in 1990. A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,[7]  and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in 1977 by Hachenburg et al. [8]  In 1979 a  U. S. Patent 4,152,647  was issued to Charles A. Gladden and Martin H. Parelman, of  Las Vegas  for an emergency cellular system for rapid deployment in areas where there was no cellular service. Emergence of commercial mobile phone service Alongside the early developments outlined above, a different technology was also growing in popularity. Two-way mobile radios (known as  mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, and ambulances, but were not mobile phones, because they were not connected to the telephone network. The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1960. Named  MTA  (Mobile Telephone system A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a  rotary dial. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an operator to determine which base station the phone was currently at. It was developed by  Sture Lauren  and other engineers at  Televerket  network operator. Ericsson  provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) andMarconi  provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of  vacuum tubes  and  relays, and weighed 40  kg. In 1962, an upgraded version called  Mobile System B (MTB)  was introduced. This was a  push-button telephone, and used  transistors  and  DTMF  signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the  MTD  version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success. 9][10]  The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed. In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR. [11]  The Altay national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963 the service started in Moscow, and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a  trunking system  in some parts of Russia. In 1959 a private telephone company located in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the ST Telephone Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be seen again. [citation needed] In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers. [ One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the  ARP  network in  Finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a  zero generation(0G) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks. Handheld Cell phones [pic] Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola, made the first US analogue mobile phone call on a larger prototype model in 1973. This is a reenactment in 2007 Prior to 1973, cellular mobile phone technology was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles. [12] On April 3, 1973,  Martin Cooper, a  Motorola  researcher and executive, made the first analogue mobile phone call using a heavy prototype model. He called Dr. Joel S. Engel  of  Bell Labs. [13] There was a long race between Motorola and  Bell Labs  to produce the first portable mobile phone. Cooper is the first inventor named on Radio telephone system filed on October 17, 1973 with the  US Patent Office  and later issued as US Patent 3,906,166. [14]  John F. Mitchell, Motorolas chief of portable communication products (and Coopers boss) was also named on the patent. He successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone. First generation: Cellular networks Main article:  1G The technological development that distinguished the First Generation of mobile phones from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites, and the ability to  transfer calls from one site to the next  as the user travelled between cells during a conversation. The first commercially automated cellular network (the  1G  generation) was launched in Japan by  NTT  in 1979. The initial launch network covered the full metropolitan area of Tokyos over 20 million inhabitants with a cellular network of 23 base stations. Within five years, the NTT network had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nation-wide 1G network. [pic] [pic] Analog  Motorola DynaTAC  8000XAdvanced Mobile Phone Systemmobile phone as of 1983 The next 1G network to launch was the  Nordic Mobile Telephone  (NMT) system in  Denmark,  Finland,  Norway  and  Sweden  in 1981. [17]  NMT was the first mobile phone network to feature international  roaming. The  Swedish  electrical engineer  Osten Makitalo  started work on this vision in 1966, and is considered to be the father of the NMT system, and by some the father of the cellular phone itself. 18][19]  The NMT installations were based on the  Ericsson  AXE  digital exchange nodes. Several other countries also launched 1G networks in the early 1980s including the UK,  Mexico  and  Canada. A two year trial started in 1981 in Baltimore and Washington DC with 150 users and 300 Motorola DynaTAC pre-producti on phones. This took place on a seven tower cellular network that covered the area. The DC area trial turned into a commercial services in about 1983 with fixed cellular car phones also built by Motorola. They later added the 8000X to their Cellular offerings. A similar trial and commercial launch also took place in Chicago by Ameritech in 1983 using the famous first hand-held mobile phone  Motorola DynaTAC. ATs 1971 proposal for  Advanced Mobile Phone System  (AMPS) was approved by the FCC in 1982 and frequencies were allocated in the 824–894  MHz band. [6]Analog AMPS was superseded by  Digital AMPS  in 1990. In 1984,  Bell Labs  developed modern commercial cellular technology (based, to a large extent, on the Gladden, Parelman Patent), which employed multiple, centrally controlled base stations (cell sites), each providing service to a small cell area. The sites were set up so that cells partially overlapped and different base stations operated using the same frequencies with little or no interference. Vodafone  made the UKs first mobile call at a few minutes past midnight on January 1 1985. [20] The technology in these early networks was pushed to the limit to accommodate increasing usage. The base stations and the mobile phones utilized variable transmission power, which allowed range and cell size to vary. As the system expanded and neared capacity, the ability to reduce transmission power allowed new cells to be added, resulting in more, smaller cells and thus more capacity. The evidence of this growth can still be seen in the many older, tall cell site towers with no antennae on the upper parts of their towers. These sites originally created large cells, and so had their antennae mounted atop high towers; the towers were designed so that as the system expanded—and cell sizes shrank—the antennae could be lowered on their original masts to reduce range. Second generation: Digital networks In the  1990s, the second generation (2G) mobile phone systems emerged, primarily using the  GSM  standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast  out-of-band  phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the  advent  of  prepaid mobile phones In  1991  the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in  Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 900  MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the  IS-54  standard was deployed in the same band as  AMPS  and displaced some of the existing analog channels. Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger brick phones toward tiny 100–200g hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life whilst on the move. The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called  SMS  or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of  prepaid services  in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice amongst the young, a trend which spread across all ages. 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finlands Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising. Mobile payments were trialled in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart. The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999. Third generation: High speed IP data networks and mobile broadband As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to utilize mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data services (such as access to the internet) was growing. Furthermore, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of  packet switching  rather than  circuit switching  for data transmission. [21]  In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example). Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G  CDMA  networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to  EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol whilst retaining backwards compatibility: ? the introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2. 45 Mbit/s to 3. 1 Mbit/s. ? protocols that would decrease connection establishment time. ? the ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot. ? the introduction of  QoS  flags. All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as  VoIP. [22] The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on October 1, 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard. During the development of  3G  systems,  2. 5G  systems such as  CDMA2000 1x  and  GPRS  were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is the  EDGE  system which in theory covers the requirements for  3G  system, but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short. The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible  [1], with companies such as  RealNetworks  [2]  and  Disney  [3]  among the early pioneers in this type of offering. In the mid 2000s an evolution of 3G technology begun to be implemented, namely  High-Speed Downlink Packet Access  (HSDPA). It is an enhanced  3G  (third generation)  mobile telephony  communications protocol  in the  High-Speed Packet Access  (HSPA) family, also coined 3. G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on  Universal Mobile Telecommunications System  (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1. 8, 3. 6, 7. 2 and 14. 0  Mbit/s. Further speed increases are available with  HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with Release 9 o f the 3GPP standards. By the end of 2007 there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation. Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the  Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality  3G  coverage in the mid 2000s that specialized devices appeared to access the  mobile internet. The first such devices, known as dongles, plugged directly into a computer through the  USB  port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called compact wireless router such as the  Novatel  MiFi, which makes 3G internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over  Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in. Such devices became especially popular for use with  laptop  computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasnt needed. Instead, the  SIM card  could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as netbooks. Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbooks footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the  Amazon  Kindle  and the  Nook  from  Barnes Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless internet, and  Apple Computer  had announced plans for embedded wireless internet on its  iPad  tablet devices beginning that Fall. Fourth generation: All-IP networks By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the  WiMAX  standard (offered in the U. S. by  Sprint) and the  LTE  standard, first offered in Scandinavia by  TeliaSonera. One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of  circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over  internet,  LAN  or  WAN  networks via  VoIP. Mobile market of India [pic] India’s mobile phone industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. Mobile phones in India were formally launched in august 1995. For the first few years after the advent of mobile phones, monthly subscriptions were added to the tune of 0. 05 to 0. 1 million in India. Subsequently the subscriber base stood at 10. 5 million in December 2002. The Indian mobile phone industry has entered a phase of boom due to many proactive measures taken by various licensors and regulators. Two Million mobiles subscribers were added every month in India from 2003 to 2005. The two other countries with more mobile phones then India are USA and China. The main technologies followed by India for mobile communication are global GSM and CDMA. GSM is the global system for mobile communication and CDMA is based on code division multiple access. Mobile tariffs are very low in India. Thirty two million mobile handsets were sold in India in the year 2005. Indian ring tones primarily comprise of music of Indian origin like Indian film songs and bhajans. Mobile prices change from day to day. Total revenue generated by the telecom service sector in 2004-2005 was 86,720 crore in India. This meant an increase of revenue by 21% from the previous year. Airtel covers 21. 45 of subscriber base in India. Reliance is the second largest with a subscription controlling a base of 20. 3%. BSNL follows closely at 18. 6% and Hutch was 14. 7% according to a June 2005 survey. First mobile telephone service on non-commercial basis started in India on 48th Independence Day at country’s capital Delhi. The first cellular call was made in India on July 31st, 1995 over  Modi Telstra’s MobileNet GSM network of Kolkata. Later mobile telephone services are divided into multiple zones known as circles. Competition has caused prices to drop and calls across India are one of the cheapest in the world. Most of operator follows GSM mobile system operate under 900MHz bandwidth few recent players started operating under 1800MHz bandwidth. CDMA operators operate under 800Mhz band, they are first to introduce EVDO based high speed wireless data services via USB dongle. In spite of this huge growth Indian telecom sector is hit by severe spectrum crunch, corruption by India Govt. officials and financial troubles. In 2008, India entered the 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services by Government owned MTNL and BSNL. Later from November 2010 private operator’s started to launch their services. India is one of the fastest growing  economies  all over the world and a live example which depicts the development is the growth of the  telecommunication industry  in India, especially the in  the field  of  mobile communication. Mobile  phones in  India were formally launched in august 1995. After the advent of these  phones in  the market many  companies  have forayed into this field. BSNL, Airtel, Vodafone, and  Idea Cellular  are some of the companies  which have made a mark in this field. The main technologies followed by India for  mobile communication  are global GSM and CDMA. GSM is the global system for  mobile communication  and CDMA is based on code division multiple access. Mobile tariffs are very low in India. There has been a significant increase in the services provided, especially in the rural areas. The rates  of mobile phones  and the tariffs are very low that almost every family in India can afford town a mobile phone. The government of India has played a very important role in achieving success in this area by adopting policies which help the families in the rural areas own a mobile phone. This type of policies encourages overall development of country rather concentrating on a single path. The mobile subscriber’s base in India is said to have increased by 50% during March 2009. It has increased by 130 million and rose up to 391. 8million. It is expected that the mobile subscriptions in India will rise up to half a billion. These statistics show the development of the  telecommunication industry  which in turn shows   development of India. Handset Maker Companies of India 1. X Electron 2. CAPLIGHT 3. Airnet 4. Ajanta Mobile 5. Anconn Mobile 6. Airphone 7. [AROMA Mobiles] 8. [[ . com Asiatelco] 9. BlackBerry 10. BLEU 11. Beetel 12. BPL Group 13. Byond tech 14. Colors mobile 15. celkon 16. Daya 17. Dell 18. Digibee Mobiles 19. eTouch 20. Fujezone 21. Fly 22. Fortune 23. GEEPEE Mobiles 24. gfone 25. G-Five 26. Haier 27. Hansum Mobiles 28. Hi-Tech 29. HTC 30. ICube 31. Intex 32. Ion 33. iNQ 34. Karbonn Mobiles 5. Lava Mobiles 36. Lemon 37. Lexus 38. LG 39. Logitec 40. Magicon 41. Maxwood Mobiles 42. Maxx 43. Melbon 44. Micromax Mobile 45. Motorola 46. Movil 47. Munoth Mobiles 48. Nokia- { employee-amit dubey_job location Mumbai } 49. Nelson 50. Olive 51. Onida 52. Orion Mobiles 53. Orpat 54. pagaria 55. Philips 56. Pride Mobiles 57. Philiray 58. Kuantum 59. Quba Mobile 60. Rage 61. Ray 62. Swissvoice India 63. SAGEM 64. Samsung 65. San Mobile 66. Sansui 67. Siemens 68. Simoco 69. Sony Ericsson 70. Spice Telecom 71. Technotouch 72. T-Series 73. Ultra Mobile 74. UNITEL 75. UNIX Mobiles 76. Usha-Lexus 77. Vodafone Essar 78. Videocon 79. Voice 80. VOX 81. Winncom 82. Xcite 83. Zen Mobiles 84. Rk mobile 85. ViP Mobile 86. Rahul 87. CAPLIGHT 88. Alcatel 89. Spice 90. MVL 91. Nova mobiles  [1] 92. Mobell 93. Akai mobiles The Indian mobile industry is the fastest growing in the world and India continues to add more mobile connections every month than any other country in the world. The telecom boom in the country provides great opportunity to handset manufacturers and the hottest segment for these manufacturers is the entry level segment. VoiceData’s 16th annual survey ‘VD 100? overed all the mobile handset companies doing business in India across categories like feature phones, multimedia phones, enterprise phones and smartphones. Both multi-national and Indian mobile phone firms were surveyed for this report. Here are some interesting findings from the report. ? Nokia remained the #1 player in handset business and grew at a dismal 0. 2%. It faced tough compe tition in the entry level segments to home grown handset makers like Micromax, Karbonn and Spice whereas it’s high-end phones faced a tough competition from brands like Samsung, BlackBerry and HTC. Nokia enjoys a market share of 39. %. ? Samsung captured 17. 2% of market share and grew by 21. 7%. Samsung’s success can be attributed to its rich product portfolio on various popular operating systems like Windows, Android and Bada. ? Micromax captured #3 slot among VD100 Top 10 mobile handset brands for FY2010-11. The company grew 43% during the fiscal and grabbed a market share of 6. 9%. ? Research in Motion’s brand BlackBerry ranked among top 5 mobile phone brands in India. Positioning itself at #4, the Blackberry grew by 61. 2%. Its entry level smartphone saw more sales in the fourth quarter than all other three quarters put together. This shows that smartphones offered at an economical price   can storm the feature phone market. ? HTC saw a growth of 99%, the highest, among all the brands surveyed by VoiceData, this growth is driven almost entirely by its Android range. ? As the 3G services extend nationwide, the 3G phones would see a much bigger traction triggering entry of more 3G enabled phones at affordable prices. ? The fixed phone market shrunk by over a quarter. IDC India has published a report on growth of mobile sales in India (for 2009) and here are some of the relevant data points to track: The growth has more or less flat [owing to low sales figure in Q1] – in total, 101. 54 million units of sales were registered. ? Local manufacturers* have grabbed 17. 5% market share [from 0. 9%, a year back] ? Only 5 local manufacturers in 2008 and the number stands at 28 now! ? Nokia market share in India  fell from 56. 2% share in 2008 to 54. 1% in 2009. ? Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd’s share ros e marginally to 9. 7% from 9. 5%. ? LG’s share dropped from 7. 2% to 6. 4%, ? Of the local manufacturers, Micromax leads the race and holds a market share stands of 4. %. Like any market research, take this with a pinch of salt [for instance, Nokia  has  expressed reservations about the research, since IDC didn’t take into account its production facility in Chennai, which ships 50% of the manufactured mobile to India]. Nevertheless, this is an interesting result and rise of local companies shows that there is a value in local IP [eat this: Micromax Q5 phone is just like Blackberry/E71/72 with a far lesser price which Blackberrys of the world cannot even match]. What’s your take on the rise of Indian local mobile manufacturers? Top 5 Local manufacturers – Micromax, Karbonn Mobiles, Spice Mobiles Ltd, Videocon Industries Ltd and Lava International Ltd. India is one of the fastest growing telecom networks in the world. This is due to its high population and fast rate of growth. Rural India is still inadequate in terms of connectivity for efficient telecommunication. BSNL is one of the main public sector telecommunication companies in India. It has been rated 7th largest in the world. Hutch, BPL, MTNL, Bharti Telecom, Reliance and Tata Indicom are the other active telecommunication operators in India. Top Cell Phone Manufacturers Nokia Samsung LG Sony Ericson

Plain English free essay sample

The SEC is concerned that corporations use â€Å"plain English† in their filings because the disclosure documents need to be easy to be understood by the readers such as investors, brokers, and investment advisers. As many readers do not have background knowledge in accounting, law or investment banking, corporations should communicate the complex information disclosed clearly in an everyday language the readers can understand, plain English, instead of legalese and technical terms. If corporations use plain English to file their documents, it will be easier for investors to know more about their investments and the corporations they are investing in. Moreover, investors will be more likely to catch the important information necessary to make informed decisions of whether they should hold or sell their shares. Use of plain English also helps brokers and investment advisers to understand disclosure documents easily and make good recommendations to their clients quickly. Overall, effective communication with investors and other readers using plain English can help corporations have better relationships with them and minimize the costs of dealing with confused readers. We will write a custom essay sample on Plain English or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, switching to plain English is a good business decision for many companies. The SEC has created â€Å"A Plain English Handbook† to help corporations have a smooth transition from legalese to plain English in filing the documents. The handbook provides practical tips on how to create plain English disclosure documents and some examples of what has worked for others who already written their documents in plain English. Yet, as not all the tips will apply to every corporation or every document, it is completely free to choose the ones which work for the user as long as disclosure documents follow the SEC’s federal securities laws.

The National Security Policy

The National Security Policy Most Potentially useful Suggestions for Improving the National Security Policymaking Process Perfect goal setting is a useful suggestion that can aid in improving the policy making process. Goals should be articulated in a clear and concise manner. Clear goals should consider the vital priorities of the people in the country. A deep analysis and selection of the best options should be done to ensure that the government uses the best and the most effective approach towards the policy-making process.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The National Security Policy-Making Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The other vital consideration would be a clear articulation of policy and rationale after the analysis. This refers to the process of making plans, programs and decisions needed in the policy making so as to ensure that the choices made cannot influenced by political malice and prevailing mindsets1. In addition , effective execution of the process is extremely vital. In most cases, there are problems concerned with breakdowns of communication and organizational issues about politics and media. There is a need to follow an honest way of executing the policymaking process and its implementation2. Without an effective execution, the goal of the policymaking process can be lost, and the results may become disastrous to the country. In addition, the policy making process should be monitored and appraised as required by law. There should be standards set to ensure that the process runs smoothly without distractions. There should be no rigidities during implementation, and this enabled by the use of monitoring mechanisms. After finishing the policymaking process, there should be clear feedback loops to assess the results of the policies concerned3. Another vital way of improving the national security policymaking is creating reliable memory storage and an ability to recall the most vital informat ion. Memory storage ensures that policy makers learn from experiences, and they use the experiences to make the best decisions in every step of policymaking. For example, a newly elected government can use information from the previous governments’ archives to create a perfect learning ability based on the experiences. The high technological improvement sweeps the world at large in storage of data and information for later retrieval. The above suggestions improve the security policymaking process in the country4.Advertising Looking for coursework on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The least potentially useful suggestions for improving the national security policymaking process Making the president be in control of the policy making process is not as vital as the above-mentioned suggestions. Policymaking needs control and a president can delegate those duties to a reliable body or person. It is vital to note that the president can lead a country, but that does not mean that he possesses the expertise needed to oversee policy-making process. In addition, a president usually has many responsibilities such that it becomes difficult to get enough time to oversee the policy making process in an effective way. This is the reason as to why the president does not have to be the one who controls the national security policymaking process. The only thing that he should do is to ensure that he gives the responsibilities to reliable persons who will oversee the process without external or personal influences. In addition, the president should ensure that resources are utilized in the best way possible to avoid malicious dealings. The president should also ensure that there exists a system of accountability, so that he can be aware of what those who are in charge do and do not do. Thus, a president does not have to be in charge of the policy making process, he only needs to ensure that he gives the responsibilities to reliable persons5. Bibliography Goleman, Daniel. Social intelligence: the new science of human relationships. New York: Bantam Books, 2006. Hasler, Susan. Intelligence. New York: Thomas Dunne Books-St. Martins Press, 2010. Pfiffner, James P and Mark Phythian. Intelligence and national security policymaking  on Iraq:British and American perspectives. College Station: Texas A M University Press, 2008.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on The National Security Policy-Making Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sarkesian, Sam C., John Allen Williams, and Stephen J. Cimbala. US national security:  policymakers, processes, and politics. 4th ed. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2008. Stern, Paul C and Daniel Druckman. International conflict resolution after the Cold  War. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000. Footnotes 1 James P. Pfiffner and Mark Phythian . Intelligence and national security policymaking on Iraq:  British and American perspectives (College Station: Texas A M University Press, 2008), 45. 2 Sam C. Sarkesian, John Allen Williams and Stephen J Cimbala. US national security:  policymakers, processes, and politics (4th ed. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2008), 37. 3 Paul C. Stern and Daniel Druckman. International conflict resolution after the Cold War (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000), 64. 4 Daniel Goleman. Social intelligence: the new science of human relationships (New York: Bantam Books, 2006), 54. 5 Susan Hasler. Intelligence (New York: Thomas Dunne Books-St. Martins Press, 2010), 69.Advertising Looking for coursework on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Art of the Civil Rights Movement

Art of the Civil Rights Movement The Civil Rights Era of the 1950s and 1960s was a time in Americas history of ferment, change, and sacrifice as many people fought, and died, for racial equality. As the nation celebrates and honors the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (Jan. 15, 1929) on the third Monday of January each year, it is a good time to recognize the artists of different races and ethnicities who responded to what was happening during the years of the 50s and 60s with work that still powerfully expresses the turmoil and injustice of that period. These artists created works of beauty and meaning in their chosen medium and genre that continue to speak compellingly to us today as  the struggle for racial equality continues. Witness: Art and Civil Rights in the  Sixties at the Brooklyn Museum of Art In 2014, 50 years after the establishment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, the Brooklyn Museum of Art hosted an exhibit  called Witness: Art and Civil Rights in the Sixties.  The political  artworks in the exhibit helped promote the Civil Rights Movement. The exhibit included work by 66 artists, some well-known, such as Faith Ringgold, Norman Rockwell, Sam Gilliam, Philip Guston, and others, and included painting, graphics, drawing, assemblage, photography, and sculpture, along with written reflections by the artists. The work can be seen  here  and here. According to Dawn Levesque in the article, Artists of the Civil Rights Movement: A Retrospective, The Brooklyn Museum curator, Dr. Teresa Carbone, was surprised at how much of the exhibits work has been overlooked from well-known studies about the 1960s. When writers chronicle the Civil Rights Movement, they often neglect the political artwork of that period. She says, its the intersection of art and activism.   As stated on the Brooklyn Museum website  about the exhibit: â€Å"The 1960s was a period of dramatic social and cultural upheaval, when artists aligned themselves with the massive campaign to end discrimination and bridged racial borders through creative work and acts of protest. Bringing activism to bear in gestural and geometric abstraction, assemblage, Minimalism, Pop imagery, and photography, these artists produced powerful works informed by the experience of inequality, conflict, and empowerment. In the process, they tested the political viability of their art, and originated subjects that spoke to resistance, self-definition, and blackness.† Faith Ringgold and the American People, Black Light Series Faith Ringgold  (b. 1930), included in the exhibit,  is a particularly inspirational American artist, author, and teacher who was pivotal to the Civil Rights Movement and is known primarily for her narrative quilts of the late 1970s. However, before that, in the 1960s, she did a series of important but less well-known paintings exploring race, gender, and class in her American People series (1962-1967) and Black Light series (1967-1969). The  National Museum of Women in the Arts  exhibited 49 of Ringgolds Civil Rights paintings in 2013 in a show called  America People, Black Light: Faith Ringgolds Paintings of the 1960s. These works can be seen  here. Throughout her career Faith Ringgold has used her art to express her opinions on racism and gender inequality, creating powerful works that have helped bring awareness of racial and gender inequality to many, both young and old. She has written a number of childrens books, including the award-winning beautifully illustrated  Tar Beach. You can see more of Ringgolds childrens books  here. See videos of Faith Ringgold on MAKERS, the largest video collection of womens stories, speaking about her art and activism. Norman Rockwell and Civil Rights Even Norman Rockwell,  the well-known painter of idyllic American scenes, painted a series of Civil Rights Paintings and was included in the Brooklyn exhibit. As Angelo Lopez writes in her article,  Norman Rockwell and  the Civil Rights Paintings, Rockwell was influenced by close friends and family to paint some of the problems of American society rather than merely the wholesome sweet scenes he had been doing for the Saturday Evening Post.   When Rockwell began working for Look Magazine he was able to do scenes expressing his views on social justice. One of the most famous was The Problem We All Live With, which shows the drama of school integration.   Arts of the Civil Rights Movement at the Smithsonian Institution Other artists and visual voices for the Civil Rights Movement can be seen through a collection of art from the Smithsonian Institution. The program, Oh Freedom!  Teaching African American Civil Rights Through American Art at the Smithsonian, teaches the history of the Civil Rights movement and  the struggles for racial equality beyond the 1960s through the powerful images that artists created. The website is an excellent resource for teachers, with descriptions of the artwork along with its meaning and historical context, and a variety of lesson  plans to use in the classroom.  Ã‚   Teaching students about the Civil Rights Movement is as important today as ever, and expressing political views through art remains a powerful tool in the struggle for equality and social justice.

Health and Social Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Health and Social Research Methods - Essay Example Libya is one of the rich countries of the world located in the region of North Africa. The population of Libya is around six million. 22.1 percent lives in  the  rural area. Average life of the people is around 75 years. Mortality rate is around 6.9 under the age of 5. Libya is an oil-rich and upper middle-income country located in North Africa region with a population of slightly above six million, out of which 22.1 percent lives in a rural area. (Toebes et al., 2013). The Libyan Red Crescent is a Voluntary aid organization, was formed in 1957. The purpose was to provide medicines and other medical facilities in the cities of Libya. Record shows that the health system needs to improve in Libya. The volunteers of this organization are doing their work properly in providing the medical aids to the people affected by the disasters. The volunteers of this organization are improving themselves by providing relief to the general public (Ahsan Ullah, 2014). Their motive is to help humanities specially disabled persons to ensure that they are provided free and better medical treatments. Their development programs are the evidence of their intention of  the  work. The additional work of this organization is to prevent the people from disease, providing healthy food, protection of poor people, preparation for disasters, donate blood, recovery of the disease and organizing programs to maintain peace in the society (Martin et al., 2014). The volunteers of Libya Red Crescent Organization are providing better services of medical aid facilities to the people who are injured in the disasters. The volunteers have several issues, which have to be resolved. However, there is a need for research to identify and examine the issues faced by the volunteers. The employees of the organization address some of the issues lack of training and motivation. There is a need to find the issues, inspect them get

ISMG Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ISMG - Essay Example Atkins, and many others in the MDCM IT department were already aware of this. MDCM, Inc. Strategic IT Portfolio Management, Page 2. During the meeting there were many options made available to the IT department. The IT department would implement new strategies in an effort to cut costs, and save the company money. McMullen has found blame for the companies loss of revenue in the previous five quarters on the IT department. McMullen hired Atkins to begin an assessment of the IT department, and to help the company begin posting profits again as soon as possible. Atkins began his position with an internal audit of the IT department. Some of the options discussed in the meeting were to create a company email. Every personnel who needed to communicate would be given their own email address. With a just one email address for everyone in the company this will filter out possible important information being filtered to the junk folder by the recipients email provider. The company was going t o an overhaul the computer system within the organization. The company was going to update all computers throughout. Every computer would then operate with the same operating system. With the computers operate with the same operating system the computer would be compatible with each other. Currently there are computers with four types of operating systems. The computers are not compatible with each other. ... The company will also create a website. The website will allow customers to order products directly from the site with no need to contact a representative in the organization. The website will allow a customer to leave an email message, and to contact the company if necessary. The company will implement new strategies for the different offices too effectively, and efficiently communicate with one another. The company will cut some of the labor force. The United States division of the company currently has the largest work force. The company will begin to eliminate some of the jobs. Every position the company eliminates will help the company save money. The company wanted to assess the situation, and develop the most effective solution to the company’s current situation. The company will use the savings of cutting some of the positions and appropriate the funds to the Information Technology department. Atkins requested an increase in the budget for the IT department. The compan y found they could not increase the current budget of the IT department without cutting costs elsewhere. The company, Atkins, and the leaders of the IT department have developed the strategy to cut some of the positions and re appropriate the funds to the IT department budget. With the extra funds available to the IT department the company will be permitted to implement the strategies, and recommendations made by Atkins, and other leaders of the IT department. When the company implements one network, this will be beneficial to the company. There can possibly be a strong financial gain to incorporating one network. In having only one network, the associates in France will communicate more efficiently, and effectively. The network will be one, so there will be no compatibility

Economic Systems Essay Example for Free

Economic Systems Essay Under a capitalist economic system, individuals own all resources, both human and non-human. Governments intervene only minimally in the operation of markets, primarily to protect the private-property rights of individuals. Free markets in which suppliers and demanders can enter and exit the market at their own discretion are fundamental to the capitalist economic system. The concept of laissez-faire, that is, leaving the coordination of individuals wants to be controlled by the market, is also a tenet of capitalism. In a capitalist system, individuals own resources, either through inheritance or through industry. The individual receives compensation for the use of resources by others. This, combined with inherited wealth of the person, determines an individuals spending power. The accumulated spending power and the willingness of individuals to allocate resources to consumption determine demand. The availability and costs of resources, together with the potential for profits of firms, determine supply. In a market system the demand of consumers combined with the supply of producers determine what and how much will be produced. Socialism Under a socialist economic system, individuals own their own human capital and the government owns most other, non-human resources— that is, most of the major factors of production are owned by the state. Land, factories, and major machinery are publicly owned. A socialist system is a form of command economy in which prices and production are set by the state. Movement of resources, including the movement of labor, is strictly controlled. Resources can only move at the direction of the centralized planning authority. Economic decisions about what and how much, how, and for whom are all made by the state through its central planning agencies. Communism Under a communist economic system, all resources, both human and non-human, are owned by the state. The government takes on a central planning role directing both production and consumption in a socially desirable manner. Central planners forecast a socially beneficial future and determine the production needed to obtain that outcome. The central planners make all decisions, guided by what they believe to be good for the country. The central planners also allocate the production to consumers based on their assessment of the individuals need. Basic human needs and wants would be met according to the Marxist principle, From each according to his ability to produce, to each according to his need.

The Entertainemnt Industry :: Art

The Entertainemnt Industry In the past five years, the entertainment industry has been more and more focused on the idea of reality-based entertainment. This vast desire for seemingly live television has made a great impact upon major network television stations. Shows such as MTV’s Real World and CBS’s Survivor are great indicators of society’s obsession with drama in a â€Å"live† situation. It seems our infatuation with these shows stems from our desire to focus our attention away from our own tribulations and focus on problems elsewhere. Our mysterious want for conflict among others has forced many networks to provoke such drama, for example in Survivor, where castaways are forced to take sides and vote another member off the island. This idea of social Darwinism in shows like Survivor and the ever so popular Big Brother force major networks to create entertainment that both provoke and stimulate disagreement among participants. Personally, I feel that because of television†™s fixation with reality-based programs, people are now turning to the movie industry to get away from such realistic forms of entertainment. Popular movies such as Bedazzled, The Ladies Man, and The Exorcist all deal with fantasy type situations. Bedazzled, starring Brendan Frasier and Elizabeth Hurley is about a man who sells his soul to the devil, played by Hurley. Moviegoers can simply escape reality for a few hours by entertaining themselves with themes such as this. Genres focusing on such fantasy are rarely seen on prime-time television these days, especially on the major networks such as FOX and ABC. Why is this? Well my impression is that people feel as if they deserve to come home and take their mind of the troubles they had for the day. By being able to watch shows such as ER, which ranked first among viewers this past week, people can direct their attention onto another person’s drama while ignoring their own. Voyeurism today is clearly an indicator of change in taste for viewers around the world. According to Time Almanac:1999, the top three shows of 1998 were Seinfeld, Veronica’s Closet, and Friends. If you look at the top three shows during months while a reality based show is being aired, you will most typically find that show to be number one among viewers in the rankings. This growing trend of live-based entertainment is setting a new stage for twenty first century viewers today. Real-life issues however can be distorted at times when being seen second hand.

Is Pvc Acceptable for Gas Furnace Flue?

Is PVC an acceptable vent material for flue gases? Installing a new water heater or furnace can be tricky for the novice HVAC technician. There are many checks that need to be done and codes that need to be followed. While not being complete with the internals can lead to a harmful situation, one of the most important decisions that you will have to make is what material you should make the flue out of. Most furnace flues are made out of a metal material which is a proper decision do the high temperatures released through the flue during the use of the furnace.Due to the cost of metal, some technicians have chosen to use PVC pipe as material for furnace flues as a less expensive alternative. Polyvinyl Chloride, otherwise known as PVC is a hard plastic pipe typically used in plumbing applications. Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe is the third most widely produced plastic in the world behind only polyethylene and polypropylene. Wikipedia quotes that PVC is â€Å"cheaper and stronger than more traditional alternatives such as copper or ductile iron.It can be made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizes, the widely used Phthlates. In this form, it is used in clothing , upholstery, and electrical insulation. † After inspections of commercial and residential installations, Inspectors have discovered that using PVC pipe can lead to destructive and possibly harmful conditions. It was noted that if the water heater scales up due to minerals in the water supply, it can cause the flue gas temperatures to rise which can lead to the fittings and pipe melting.Melting of the PVC pipe can be very dangerous. If behind a wall or in the ceiling, a melted pipe can leak condensation and create mold growth behind drywall. Even more dangerous is the release of carbon monoxide gas out of a melted pipe. Carbon Monoxide is a lethal gas and can lead to a fatal situation. Manufacturers sometimes recommend using PVC for their installations. Research has found that although th ey recommend using PVC pipe, it is not necessarily safe and I would not recommend using it due to the melting hazard.The funny part I find is that although there is not a standard in any of the codes in the United States for PVC or plastic combustion flue vents, most manufactures ask you to reference the U. S. code. There is a Canadian standard which allows temperatures of the flue to exceed the temperatures limits of the manufacturer of the PVC material. The Canadian standard (ULC S636) covers the venting of gas fired appliances. It classifies the temperatures of the venting systems in three different classes.The fist class is a class one venting system for gas fired appliances producing flue temperatures of 135 degrees C (275 F) but not more than 245 C (473 F). A class two venting system produces temperatures of 135 C (275 F). A class three venting system is classified into 4 temperatures. 1) up to and including 65 C. 2) up to and including 90 C. 3) up to and including 110 C. 4) u p to and including 135 C. I did a little research on a major manufacture of PVC and other plastics, JM Eagle, and could not find any PVC manufactures that can reach those limitations as gas flue temperatures can reach above 250 F.In closing and after my research, I find that using Stainless steel for your gas furnace or boiler flue is not only essential but necessary as a safety precaution. Although it is a little more expensive, you will not have the melting hazard and the risk of the release of Carbon Monoxide. ———————————————————————————————————- References: http://www. plumbingengineer. com/may_11/code. php Is PVC an acceptable vent material for flue gases? By Ron George CPD http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride www. jmeagle. com

Compare and Contrast the Poems September 1913 and Easter 1916 Essay

New Irish Hereford Prime bonus THE 90+ days pre-booking bonus is available from the 1st November 2012. If you will have cattle ready for slaughter from this date they should be booked in from the beginning of August 2012. Heifer & Steer qualifying weight range 220kg – 380kg SEE NEXT PAGE FOR EXAMPLE HEIFERS & STEERS >>> What is the new Irish Hereford Prime bonus worth to you Eg. 580kg HEX Heifer – Grading O+4- @ 51% kill out = 296kg carcase – 15c/kg – Under 300kg carcase Hereford Prime bonus + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬62 – 20c/kg – Under 300kg carcase & pre-booked 28 days + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬77 – 25c/kg – Under 300kg carcase & pre-booked 90 days + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬92 If this animal graded R+ or better it would also get a further 6c/kg Hereford quality bonus and be worth â‚ ¬110 extra in Irish Hereford Prime The new Hereford Prime bonus can be worth up to 31c/kg on this R+ heifer under 300kg carcass Eg. 675kg HEX Steer – Grading R-4- @ 52% kill out = 351kg carcase – 10c/kg – Standard Hereford Prime bonus + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬56 – 15c/kg – Pre-booking 28 days in advance + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬74 – 20c/kg – Pre-booking 90 days in advance + 6c/kg QA – Earn extra â‚ ¬91 If this animal graded R+ or better it would also get a further 6c/kg Hereford quality bonus and be worth over â‚ ¬112 extra in Irish Hereford Prime The new Hereford Prime bonus can be worth up to 26c/kg on this R+ steer

Implementing Speed Limits

Implementing Speed Limits Speed limits are set putting into consideration the type of road and the time of the day. A speed limit of 70mph has been proposed in the United States especially in rural areas and those that have low populations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Implementing Speed Limits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main aim of increasing the speed limit is to improve transportation services and increase the rate at which goods and services are delivered. It should be viewed as a measure to get traffic to move fast as a result of a uniform flow of traffic (1). This would make the roads safer since there would be no competition between the fast and slow moving vehicles. When cautiously implemented, increased speed limits would result to low rates of accidents because drivers tend to be more attentive when driving at high speeds and as result, there would be low insurance claims. The small changes occurring in form of toxic em issions from automobiles do not affect the environment. The most common pollutant, nitrogen dioxide may exceed the target emissions only in city centers but not on highways. Another major pollutant is airborne particulates that results from large diesel engines especially of buses and transit vehicles. The amount of this pollutant is not affected by any change in speed hence an increase in speed limit to 70mph will not cause any negative effects to the environment (1). Many other pollutants including carbon dioxide are emitted in large amounts at low speeds hence raisin the speed limit would be an added advantage to the environment since low levels of pollutants would be released at high speeds. Increased speeds would have negligible effect on the occurrence of traffic noise. This noise is created by the friction between the road surface and the tires of the vehicle (1). A high contribution to noise levels result from the weight of the vehicles and the quality of the road surface. M ore so, most highways are remote and McDonnell, Roberts. Governor McDonnell Announces 70 mph Speed Limits on 680 Miles of Interstate. Office of Governor: Virginia, 2010. far from residential areas and this makes traffic noise irrelevant since it does not affect anyone in that case. A raise in speed limit would as well affect the economy with the most evident benefit being the value of time that is saved despite the prices of fuel. The value of the time saved might be more valuable than the extra costs of fuel calculated. An increase in speed limit would result to elevated fuel consumption and consequently an increase in fuel tax rates (1). The treasury would benefit by earning extra income from the increased tax rates.Advertising Looking for essay on law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Increasing the speed limit would promote safety of the motorists by allowing a consistent speed between them. Speed limits would b e posted on all highways to guide drivers and this would reduce accident rates by motorists. The number of drivers who break the law would be reduced since most drivers prefer high speeds which would now be acceptable by the law. It is also better to set realistic speed limits that will be followed by motorists than to let them ignore the badly set ones which would result to numerous accidents (1). In case of low speed limits, faster drivers tend to find other routes that have less law enforcement although they are more dangerous. An increase of a reasonable speed limit would make them get back to the roads which are constructed to suit the high speeds and are even safer to use. McDonnell, Roberts. Governor McDonnell Announces 70 mph Speed Limits on 680 Miles of Interstate. Office of Governor: Virginia, 2010. Bibliography McDonnell, Roberts. Governor McDonnell Announces 70 mph Speed Limits on 680Â  Miles of Interstate. Office of Governor: Virginia, 2010.

The Art of Publicity for the Self-Publishing Author

The Art of Publicity for the Self-Publishing Author The Art of Publicity for the Self-Publishing Author Tim Moore is a Reedsy publicist with over 20 years experience managing successful sales, marketing and publicity campaigns for major publishing companies as well as several independents. Along with Mitch Albert, he co-founded Periscope Books in 2014 and The Momentum Publishing Company in 2016.Publicity has always been the darling of book promotion. Unlike sales or marketing campaigns, book publicity helps build an author’s brand by generating endorsements from media brands: in many cases, these can be in the form of reviews. These kinds of promotions are known to have a greater effect on consumer behavior than, say, an advert on the side of a bus. The problem with book publicity, of course, is how to generate it in the first place - which is why an entire industry has sprung up around this question! #Selfpub authors: What are your publicity options? Every week, over twenty-thousand books are published in the English language. Most of them, if not all, vie for attention from the same media outlets. That’s where book publicists step in. Publicists are expected to use their experience and media contacts to place books - and the story behind the book - in the right hands.Once prospective readers are exposed to your book (with positive reinforcement from a reviewer or a charming interview) copies will ideally start flying off the shelves.Advertising is what you pay for, but publicity is what you pray forIf publicity is unpredictable compared to ads, then why should authors and publishers roll the dice on publicists? Well, for one, it’s much better at influencing buyer decisions, which can be largely attributed to the effect of a third party endorsement. This â€Å"endorsement† could be a review from their daily newspaper of choice or a simple mention from their favorite morning radio DJ. A Nielsen study on the role of content in the consumer decision-making process concluded that PR is almost 90% more effective than advertising.This is the main reason book publicists are in business: when they're good, they can really move the needle and create a buzz around your book. This momentum often starts with exposure within the book trade. Then it’s on to real work of building word of mouth out in the wider world. Publicity is certainly not the only marketing channel available for books - but it is certainly one of the more cost-effective ones, especially when used in conjunction with social media. "In publishing, advertising is what you pay for - but publicity is what you pray for" Do it yourselfBook publicity, which is all about persuading people to give your book attention, is more of an art than a science. This means that anybody can give it a go - and perhaps get positive results. For example, local radio stations are always interested in hearing from local authors. You can get work on your own social media strategy and start contacting influential YouTubers, Instagrammers, and Twitter users. Sometimes, offering free books and merchandise to use in contests is enough to get them on board.Here's an example of a (high-profile) YouTube paid promotion: Just remember: media people of all levels will want to see your press release, so make sure you have one prepared!Before you swear off professional publicists, be aware that once you’re targeting media outlets of a certain size, most producers, editors, and other gatekeepers will not respond directly to authors. Just as most major publishing houses will insist on dealing with agents, getting access national media will likely require an experienced publicist with pre-existing contacts. That’s a big chunk of what you’re paying for with publicity! How can #selfpub authors become DIY publicists? That brings us onto our next question: once you’ve made the decision to seek out a publicist, how much should you expect to pay?Setting a publicity budgetWhen you self-publish, you won’t soon forget that you are likely paying for publicity out of your own pocket - so you need to make sure what you spend makes sense for your project.Here’s a general rule of thumb for book marketing budgets that I find works across most types of books: aim to spend $0.75 to $1 per book sale forecasted. So, if the book has sold 5,000 copies into bookstores, then a publicity and marketing budget of $3,750 to $5,000 is about right.But what if a book is self-published and distributed only through Kindle and KDP? There’s still a way you can forecast a title that doesn’t use traditional distribution channels:1) Carefully choose three comparable titles (comparable both in its subject matter and the size of its author’s platform)2) Establish their overall sales ranks on Amazon by looking at the Product Details on their respective pages. How much should #selfpub authors budget for marketing? Find out here! Now that you’re armed with a ballpark publicity budget, let’s look at who you should hire for the job.The right person for the jobIdeally, you want to find a publicist who has worked on similar projects in the past - books in the same genre or covering the same type of subject matter, ideally written by authors with a similar profile as you. If you’re trying to a promote a popular science title, it helps if your publicist has established contacts at media outlets like Scientific American.Most publicists are versatile, but they often prefer to work within their established niches.If you're searching for book publicists for the first time through Reedsy or a similar platform, just look at their book portfolios. Have they represented similar books in the past? Do they have a long history in publicity and marketing? What’s their experience with both online and traditional media?Make a short list of professionals and get in touch with them. Ask them about the recent campaigns, and find out what their definition of a â€Å"successful campaign† is. It’s crucial at this point that both your expectations are in line - if you have your heart set on getting on the local news, then your publicist needs to have a well-founded belief that they can pull it off.The more experience a publicist has, the more you can expect to pay. And since most publicists book themselves out well ahead of time, be sure to start your search at least six months before your publishing date.Start thinking strategicallyAfter finding your perfect publicist, you'll need to agree on a strategy. A good book publicist will tailor their strategy to the book as well as to the author. For example, a well-known celebrity debut novel might not get much interest in the review pages - but it might receive a lot of interest from radio and television producers, as well as feature editors.On the other hand, a self-help author would probably have better penetration on lo cal radio. Every approach will yield different results, so it's up to you and your publicist to figure out the strategy that will serve your book best.What’s the story?In every situation, it is of utmost importance to determine the unique selling point of the book: the publicity angle. To come up with great publicity angles, you need to think like a journalist and remember the 4 W's (and 1 H):WHAT is particularly newsworthy about the book?WHY is this news important to the target audience?WHERE is the author from?WHEN is the book being published?HOW did this book come about?A professional publicist can help you develop this story. But if you're going solo, make sure you think along these lines. It will not only help you determine the newsworthiness of your book but will likely reveal which channels you should pitch to.Don’t forget the easy winsThe most important thing when considering any publicity is to marry expectations to reality. It's fine to aim for dream exposure like national press coverage, but not at the expense of lower hanging fruit. Make sure your ‘hit list’ contains a good balance of achievable goals as well as ‘stretch’ goals and you’ll be fine.‘Publicity by Results’ and other blurred linesJust one more thing...Book publicists traditionally work on a retainer, for a set fee - or, occasionally, on a day rate. But some publicists are now choosing to work on a ‘publicity by results’ basis. A model that has long existed in general publicity, this concept has since found its way into the book world. It's pretty straightforward: you only pay for actual publicity your book receives.For example: let’s say an author or publishing house agrees to pay a per-interview fee to secure exposure over twenty radio interviews, but the publicist only books twelve. Well, a refund would be issued for the difference. But if the publicist arranges twenty-five interviews, the client still on ly pays for twenty.Some social media initiatives can also be arranged on a similar basis. For example, many popular Instagram accounts will give your book a "shout out† for a set fee. Publicity by Results: How authors can pay only for the coverage they get Get a quoteThe art of book publicity revolves around finding out why your book matters - and why readers should all take notice. The real tricky business is getting this information into the right hands. But when it all comes together, book publicity is a powerful force.Learn more about publicity in self-publishing and get a free quote from Tim Moore and other top publicists on the Reedsy Marketplace.Do you have experience working with a publicist on your book? Share your thoughts and questions for Tim in the comments below.

The movie Idiocracy Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Idiocracy - Movie Review Example Against his will, the Luke Wilson character is succeeding in life. His children will have much more opportunities than he does, and more than any of Dax's children. However, the premise feeds into our insecurity about the state of the world and a general feeling that things are going downhill. People have believed this since the beginning of time. This movie was probably shown because in it there is a connection between humour and thoughtfulness. Ideas are present along with the silly gags. This is a good way to illustrate that some comedy can be a social commentary on the way we live now. Mike Judge is a smart comedian who often make films that suggest society is empty or full of cultural waste. In this movie he is trying to show that the world is on the edge of a cliff and in the future will fall off of that cliff. But the whole time he makes us laugh. That makes the medicine go down much more easily. In the end, this movie does not really have a profound message. The idea that the world is going to be full of idiots five hundred years from now because of breeding practices is unlikely. There may be a lot of dumb people in the world today, but there are a lot of smart people. There will always be a place and a need for intelligence. Judge shows how intelligence is actually valued by the idiots. Perhaps intelligent people will be a smaller set of the population, but it is unlikely they will disappear entirely in the future. The movie is intended to be a comedy with an edge and that is what it is, nothing more.

Successful Implementation of Electronic Health Information Technology Research Paper

Successful Implementation of Electronic Health Information Technology - Research Paper Example In case of these, the system is destroyed, replaced, and a new life cycle begins (McGonigle and Mastrian 201-202). There are various risks involved in the purchasing and implementing of the HIT system. An organization therefore, needs to follow particular steps to avoid the risks. According to McGonigle and Mastrian, a waterfall model is necessary in guiding the steps involved in purchasing and implementing of a new HIT system (205). This model mainly includes feasibility, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. In New York’s Bezalel Rehabilitation and Nursing Center, before the purchase of a HIT system, the management, in collaboration with the concerned staff ensure that the previous system is analysed, including its effectiveness and failures. This way, it becomes easy to identify the needs of the organization, as well as the capacity, and type of the specific system to be purchased. This is because a new system is capable of either solving problems or creating new problems in an organization. Therefore, the main step is to identify, and analyse the workflow of the previous system, and its strengths and weaknesses, which need improvement. This ensures the purchase of the right technology that will serve the needs of the organization (McGonigle and Mastrian 206). Implementing of the new technology in this company involves the selection of programming codes, which best suit the new technology. This includes the right language of programming for the new technology, and other programming codes, based on the requirements of the new acquisition. Testing involves the programming units of the system, its integration level, data capacity, and testing of the whole system. Of great importance is the volume of data the system can accommodate. Beta testing by a team of employees ensures that the system works according to commands in its task execution. Finally, the staff is briefly trained on

Managerial Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managerial Accounting - Assignment Example The net operating income in 2014 by Variable Costing Method is higher than that found by Absorption Costing Method because the inventory decreased in 2014. In any case when inventory increases, by Absorption Costing Method, the net operating income will be higher than that found using Variable Costing Method (Ray, 2014). 4. In 2013, the Net Operating Income (NOI) using Absorption Costing is 3335 dollars higher than the value got using Variable Costing method. The difference results from the fixed manufacturing overhead that is added to the ending inventory under Absorption Costing method. A part of fixed manufacturing overhead is absorbed by the ending inventory hence cuts down the burden of the current period. That is, a part of fixed cost of the present period is taken to the next period. As claimed by MM to having used the Variable Costing Method to arrive at the price that results into a profit of $5 (105-100) per Bike since the production cost of a Bike is $100 by Variable costing Method. Variable Costing method (VCM)is preferable for internal decision making such as pricing. This is because VCM provides managers with relevant information necessary for preparing contribution margin income statement. This leads to more effective CVP analysis, Cost Volume Price analysis (Jacqueline, 2012). VCM separates Fixed and variable costs thus managers are able to determine contribution margin ratios and points such as target profit points and break-even points and even carry out sensitivity analysis. On the other hand Absorption Costing Method (ACM) is recommended for reporting profit stakeholders. This is because financials statement prepared by the ACM conforms to the GAAP; thus auditors accept the statements. Additionally, ACM assigns fixed cost to units of products hence this allows stakeholders to match costs to revenues(Jacqueline,

Sumitomo Corporation And Yasuo Hamanakas Copper Scandal Finance Essay

Sumitomo Corporation And Yasuo Hamanakas Copper Scandal Finance Essay The financial world had been confronted heavily by trading scandals in 1995, with Japans Daiwa Bank and the rouge trader, Nick Leeson. When it seemed the scandals couldnt get much worse, the Sumitomo Copper Scandal emerged. This was the biggest scandal in the history of commodities trading and ranked in the top five trading losses in financial history up until the late 1990s. Sumitomo Corporation is a Japanese trading house, which is currently one of the largest worldwide trading companies headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. In the 1990s Sumitomo owned large amounts of both physical copper, which was stored in warehouses and factories, as well as numerous futures contracts. Copper was a relatively small market compared to other metals, such as aluminum. According to Andrew Beattles article, The Copper King: An Empire Built on Manipulation, copper is an illiquid commodity that cannot be easily transferred around the world to meet shortages. For example, a rise in copper prices due to a sho rtage in the United States will not be immediately cancelled out by shipments from countries with excess copper. This occurs because moving copper between storage and delivery costs money, which can cancel out the price differences. It is important to note that Yasuo Hamanaka was the chief copper trader of this trading house, and attempted to corner the entire worlds copper market leaving Sumitomo with a loss of more than $1.8 billion (Beattle). WHAT HAPPENED: For ten years, Yasuo Hamanaka had successfully managed to control the worlds price of copper. He eventually came to control five percent of the entire supply of copper, which may not seem like much considering ninety-five percent was in other traders hands (Beattle). However, due to the fact the abundant and cumbersome challenges that exist in the copper market (in movement, delivery, etc.) and the fact that even the largest traders in the market owned an even smaller percentage, Hamanakas five percent was indeed very significant. During the ten years of his manipulation he was able to use Sumitomos size and large cash reserves to corner and squeeze the market through the London Metal Exchange. The London Metal Exchange is the worlds biggest metal exchange. Furthermore, the London Metal Exchanges copper price essentially dictated the worlds copper price at the time (Beattle). Although the London Metal Exchange was large in size, it was fairly poor in terms of regulation. In fact, this exchange had little to no regulation at the time of Hamanakas rampant market manipulation. The Sumitomo Copper Scandal lasted for about a decade due to these negligent and almost nonexistent regulations on behalf of this particular exchange. To put the entire crisis into laymens terms, one must first understand that Hamanaka was taking a long futures position on copper and simultaneously buying up a substantial amount of physical copper as well. This caused any one trader who took a short futures position to have to buy long positions in order to cancel out their short positions. Due to the fact that Hamanaka had a large number of long positions, those people looking to buy them had to pay increasingly higher prices. These skyrocketing futures prices are what Hamanaka was able to control; the more the prices rose, the more money he made. This is because those with short positions were still paying this higher price in order to liquidate those positions. Another way that Hamanaka was making money was that while these prices continued to rise, some people holding short positions thought that instead of paying a high price for a long position they would buy the physical copper and deliver it to the holder of the long positi ons. So, because Hamanaka also owned 5% of the physical copper he could charge a very high price to those with short positions because they didnt want to keep paying money to liquidate their short positions. Essentially, he was making money by owning long futures as well as physical copper. WHY: There are no assured reasons as to why Hamanaka engaged in such illegal trades. Perhaps he felt pressured to maintain the consistent levels of annual revenue for Sumitomos traditional copper business-about ten billion dollars. He would therefore maintain his reputation as a phenomenal copper trader as well as his firms dominance in the commodities market. It is also important to note that individuals such as Hamanaka, do attempt to corner the market in order to create an unfair advantage by purchasing a significant amount of shares. This eventually increases the price of shares, making them appear to have a greater value. As the price of the shares continues to rise, more buyers become attracted, and then demand further increases the price of the shares. This causes short sellers to be driven out of the market through a short squeeze. In the article Short Squeeze, it explains that a short squeeze is a situation in which an increase in the price of the stock triggers a rush of buying activity among short sellers. Therefore, it is necessary for the short sellers to buy stock in order to close out their short positions to minimize their losses, causing a further increase in stock prices. Overtime, this causes one to sell their holdings at an artificially inflated price and then leave their investment or opt to sell their shares with the knowledge that the price will decrease once normal supply and demand forces return (Investing Answers). WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE: Yasuo Hamanaka, also referred to as Mr. Copper, was the former copper trading chief for Sumitomo Corporation. Following research of the Sumitomo Copper Scandal, one can confidently say that Hamanaka is the key player who is held responsible for the 2.6 billion dollar loss over a ten-year period. In fact, the article, Sumitomo Corporation states that, it believed that Mr. Hamanaka was solely responsible for the unauthorized trading (215). His attempted action to corner the worlds entire copper market by falsifying financial records and forging signatures alluded to such a significant loss for the company. It is also important to note that prior to the discovery of Hamanakas accumulation of illegal trades, he was given a great amount of responsibility within the company. This was because he was perceived by top executives to have superior knowledge and experience within copper trading. Therefore, one can also conclude that the top executives within the corporation can also be held responsible for the Sumitomo Copper Scandal. This is because the Sumitomo Corporation and senior management did not have secure safeguards in place to ensure that they knew exactly what their employees were doing. Furthermore, Hamanakas reputation as being a superstar copper trader only worked to solidify the lack of regulation and discipline (Sumitomo Corporation). When Sumitomo Corporations reputation began to tarnish from individuals outside the company, they responded to the allegations by stating that Merrill Lynch and JPMorgan Chase were the two banks responsible. In the article The Copper King: An Empire Built On Manipulation, author Andrew Beattle explains that Sumitomo Corporation claimed that Merrill Lynch and JPMorgan Chase granted the loans to Hamanaka via future derivatives; hence the two banks kept the scheme going. Consequently, both banks were found guilty to some extent (Beattle). RIPPLE EFFECTS ON THE MARKET: Historically, there has been a close correlation in the behavior of metal prices. When one metal falls, the others tend to follow. However, the Sumitomo announcement did not harm other metals despite the recent dramatic drop in copper prices. Copper is a relatively small market compared to other metals, such as aluminum and gold. The price of the metal was above $1.25 a pound in New York in early May of 1996, but it fell to $1.04 on June 13, just before Sumitomo announced its loss. Following the announcement, copper was trading at about 89 cents (Wall). The decline in prices of copper before the Sumitomo scandal was believed to have risen from people being concerned about the number of new copper mines that were planned and the potential supply problems that it could bring about (Wall). Copper prices fell ten percent in the weeks following Hamanakas removal (Fletcher), however, prices had been falling for a while, and the scandal only exacerbated the trend (Uchitelle). The main effect of Sumitomos losses was the decline in public confidence in financial institutions. Americans wondered how well their local financial institutions were handling oversight of management. They also were concerned about a temporary decline in stock prices as well as higher interest rates for money to seek to borrow from banks (Uchitelle). The dollar is driven by peoples perception of commodity price movements, and although the dollar had weakened before news of the Sumitomo scandal, the fall in copper prices has contributed to the dollars softness (Wall). The Sumitomo affair concerned the United States about the openness of Japans financial system and the implications for interest rates. These worries as well as the copper crisis had contributed to the decline of the yen. The collapse in copper prices also hurt the Australian dollar. RISK MANAGEMENT ERRORS: In the Sumitomo copper scandal, the financial debacle originates from the failures of proper risk management. By entering into fictitious trades for over ten years and manipulating several accounts, Hamanaka successfully misled his management into believing that he was making huge profits. Hamanaka had been trading on the London Metal Exchange forward market for copper. Sumitomo was the largest participant in the physical market for copper-he handled twice the volume as his competitors. Hamanaka was known in the copper markets as Mr. Five Percent because Sumitomos copper trading team traded approximately 500,000 metric tons of copper a year, which was five percent of the total world demand for copper (Weston). In regards to risk management, whenever any hedge fund or speculator who was aware of manipulation tried to take short positions, Hamanaka invested more money into his positions, thus sustaining a higher price because he dominated the market. However, despite these illegal practices no action was taken against Hamanaka because of the profits he generated for the company (Weston). There are several reasons from a management perspective as to why the scandal carried on as long as it did. The middle office may have bypassed early warning signals perhaps because Hamanaka was perceived as an experienced senior trader. Hamanaka was chief of the trading office and intentionally had an incentive to maximize profit opportunities through illegal ways. Employees within the firm may have allowed the fraud to occur by turning the other way. This is a case of decentralization (Tschoegl). The Sumitomo scandal has provided valuable insight and enables one to appreciate and understand the importance of internal and external controls. If there had been any controls, it is believed that the scandal would have been detected much earlier and before a loss of $1.8 billion. WAS IT PREVENTABLE? IF SO, HOW? The Sumitomo Copper Crisis was, at its core, a very preventable crisis-almost embarrassingly so. The huge financial swings that the copper market saw in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a result of Hamanakas indiscretions were exactly that: the result of one mans greed and indiscretions. Hamanaka initiated and participated in the illegal trade of copper-like making off the book deals in order to recover unrealized losses-and incited a wave of regulatory laws by the London Metal Exchange and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Hamanaka exploited various agents and partnerships in his ten-year long market-manipulating extravaganza. He was able to do this due to serious misgivings and loopholes in the commodity futures markets, as well as taking advantage of gaps in the chain of command and knowledge. Hamanaka maintained two different sets of trading books: one that recorded fabricated profits for the Sumitomo Corporation and another real record of all the off-the-book and under-the-table deals that were made to maintain control of the market. This long-term interference and domination of the copper market was nonetheless very hard to maintain due to one key fact: in order to corner a commodities market, the company must actually hold the assets, which presents an additional strain on resources and funds. This very requirement may be the answer to preventing scandals like this in the future (Wall). As aforementioned, the Sumitomo Copper Crisis was largely unavoidable simply because one mans poor decisions affected the rest of the affiliated market. The essence of the problem was unauthorized trading that the culprit undertook to enhance his firms profitability and then his own career and pay, Adrian Tschoegl mentioned in The Key to Risk Management. However, the true debacle is a result of a lack of internal and external controls. The Sumitomo Corporation, which was divided into essentially three separate offices (front, back and middle), simply did not harbor or even encourage communication between departments and sectors (Tschoegl). The middle office (which is responsible for one of the most key business functions: risk management) can easily be said to have failed most spectacularly in this scandal. The lack of risk awareness and management led to a loss of $1,800 million dollars and a stain on the Sumitomo name, all because of a decentralized, non-communicative corporate str ucture (Tschoegl). The most effective approach to avoiding something like this in the future is basically three-pronged: more and better management-level controls, independent transaction monitoring, and more stringent regulation (of the London Metal Exchange, by the government, and of corporations e.g. corporate social responsibility) (Tschoegl). The management-level controls should consist of a conscious effort at centralizing every part of the company, as well as maintaining strict inter-company discipline and training. Independent transaction making should be monitored so no two-book accounting systems are permissible; that is to say, that there is a system of checks and balances within the corporation to ensure above-board transactions. In terms of regulation on behalf of various agencies and governments, its only necessary to say that more of it is probably needed to avoid price manipulation. Perhaps a system of rigorous reporting and accounting policies could be implemented, which would strength en the markets effectiveness anyways. CONCLUSION: Its fair to say that the Sumitomo Copper Crisis leaves the skilled and careful trader with a few pivotal takeaways. First, both internal and external management controls are absolutely crucial to the success of any company, but if said management is left to run unchecked through the system, mishaps and misdeeds are bound to occur. Strict and standardized corporate training and discipline is the remedy to this pitfall. Second, given the right amount of determination and finesse, the market on almost any given commodity can be cornered, for better or for worse. Events like this, despite their far-reaching negative implications for the perpetrator, always help make the market a more efficient and fluid network. The lessons that are learned from scandals such as the Sumitomo Copper Affair in the long run only work to better and enhance the market.